如何声明、实例化和使用委托 - C#

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如何声明、实例化和使用委托 - C#

可以使用以下任一方法声明委托:

使用匹配签名声明委托类型并声明方法:

// Declare a delegate.

delegate void NotifyCallback(string str);

// Declare a method with the same signature as the delegate.

static void Notify(string name)

{

Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}");

}

// Create an instance of the delegate.

NotifyCallback del1 = new NotifyCallback(Notify);

将方法组分配给委托类型:

// C# 2.0 provides a simpler way to declare an instance of NotifyCallback.

NotifyCallback del2 = Notify;

声明匿名方法:

// Instantiate NotifyCallback by using an anonymous method.

NotifyCallback del3 = delegate(string name)

{ Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}"); };

使用 lambda 表达式:

// Instantiate NotifyCallback by using a lambda expression.

NotifyCallback del4 = name => { Console.WriteLine($"Notification received for: {name}"); };

有关详细信息,请参阅 Lambda 表达式。

下面的示例演示如何声明、实例化和使用委托。 BookDB 类封装用来维护书籍数据库的书店数据库。 它公开一个方法 ProcessPaperbackBooks,用于在数据库中查找所有平装书并为每本书调用委托。 使用的 delegate 类型名为 ProcessBookCallback。 Test 类使用此类打印平装书的书名和平均价格。

使用委托提升书店数据库和客户端代码之间的良好分隔功能。 客户端代码程序不知道如何存储书籍或书店代码如何查找平装书。 书店代码不知道它在找到平装书之后对其执行什么处理。

示例

// A set of classes for handling a bookstore:

namespace Bookstore

{

using System.Collections;

// Describes a book in the book list:

public struct Book

{

public string Title; // Title of the book.

public string Author; // Author of the book.

public decimal Price; // Price of the book.

public bool Paperback; // Is it paperback?

public Book(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)

{

Title = title;

Author = author;

Price = price;

Paperback = paperBack;

}

}

// Declare a delegate type for processing a book:

public delegate void ProcessBookCallback(Book book);

// Maintains a book database.

public class BookDB

{

// List of all books in the database:

ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

// Add a book to the database:

public void AddBook(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)

{

list.Add(new Book(title, author, price, paperBack));

}

// Call a passed-in delegate on each paperback book to process it:

public void ProcessPaperbackBooks(ProcessBookCallback processBook)

{

foreach (Book b in list)

{

if (b.Paperback)

// Calling the delegate:

processBook(b);

}

}

}

}

// Using the Bookstore classes:

namespace BookTestClient

{

using Bookstore;

// Class to total and average prices of books:

class PriceTotaller

{

int countBooks = 0;

decimal priceBooks = 0.0m;

internal void AddBookToTotal(Book book)

{

countBooks += 1;

priceBooks += book.Price;

}

internal decimal AveragePrice()

{

return priceBooks / countBooks;

}

}

// Class to test the book database:

class Test

{

// Print the title of the book.

static void PrintTitle(Book b)

{

Console.WriteLine($" {b.Title}");

}

// Execution starts here.

static void Main()

{

BookDB bookDB = new BookDB();

// Initialize the database with some books:

AddBooks(bookDB);

// Print all the titles of paperbacks:

Console.WriteLine("Paperback Book Titles:");

// Create a new delegate object associated with the static

// method Test.PrintTitle:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);

// Get the average price of a paperback by using

// a PriceTotaller object:

PriceTotaller totaller = new PriceTotaller();

// Create a new delegate object associated with the nonstatic

// method AddBookToTotal on the object totaller:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);

Console.WriteLine("Average Paperback Book Price: ${0:#.##}",

totaller.AveragePrice());

}

// Initialize the book database with some test books:

static void AddBooks(BookDB bookDB)

{

bookDB.AddBook("The C Programming Language", "Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie", 19.95m, true);

bookDB.AddBook("The Unicode Standard 2.0", "The Unicode Consortium", 39.95m, true);

bookDB.AddBook("The MS-DOS Encyclopedia", "Ray Duncan", 129.95m, false);

bookDB.AddBook("Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless", "Scott Adams", 12.00m, true);

}

}

}

/* Output:

Paperback Book Titles:

The C Programming Language

The Unicode Standard 2.0

Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless

Average Paperback Book Price: $23.97

*/

可靠编程

声明委托。

以下语句声明新的委托类型。

public delegate void ProcessBookCallback(Book book);

每个委托类型描述自变量的数量和类型,以及它可以封装的方法的返回值类型。 每当需要一组新的自变量类型或返回值类型,则必须声明一个新的委托类型。

实例化委托。

声明委托类型后,则必须创建委托对象并将其与特定的方法相关联。 在上例中,你通过将 PrintTitle 方法传递给 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法执行此操作,如下面的示例所示:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);

这将创建一个新的与静态方法 Test.PrintTitle 关联的委托对象。 同样,如下面的示例所示,传递对象 totaller 中的非静态方法 AddBookToTotal:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);

在这两种情况下,都将新的委托对象传递给 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法。

创建委托后,它与之关联的方法就永远不会更改;委托对象是不可变的。

调用委托。

创建委托对象后,通常会将委托对象传递给将调用该委托的其他代码。 委托对象是通过使用委托对象的名称调用的,后跟用圆括号括起来的将传递给委托的自变量。 下面是一个委托调用示例:

processBook(b);

委托可以同步调用(如在本例中)或通过使用 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法异步调用。

另请参阅

事件

委托

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